Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• stresses in the middle of the suspended part (up to 1 × 109 N/m2). In this simplified idealistic model, the contact between a NW and Si is absolutely rigid, preventing any slippage or plastic deformation at the interface. Moreover, FEM simulations do not include possible rearrangement of atoms that can

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• smaller grain sizes and diminishes with larger grains. The mechanism has been proposed as a cause of plastic deformation in metals. Wang et al. showed for a platinum nanocrystalline film [42] that the rotation due to strain at room temperature does not occur because of cross-grain gliding, GB sliding, or

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• an additional free surface facilitating plastic deformation. The material is easier to displace toward this free surface with the possibility to fill the pores, which leads to the compaction of the structure. The densification of the porous structure under Vickers indentation was demonstrated for (Bi

• peculiarities of porous ceramics mentioned at the beginning of this paragraph as well as with the deformation behavior of the investigated composites. For plastically deformed composites, for which the pores may facilitate plastic deformation, the ISE may be explained as follows: Due to the smaller volume

Bending and punching characteristics of aluminum sheets using the quasi-continuum method

• Man-Ping Chang,
• Shang-Jui Lin and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.108

• Figure 3. Initially, the downward moving punch generates tensile stress between the workpiece and the substrate, causing an elastic deformation inside the workpiece (Figure 3a). When the punch continues to move down until the plastic deformation occurs, there is shear stress between the workpiece and the

• during the nano-punching process. The schematic diagram of the nano-punching process. (a) The elastic deformation stage, (b) the plastic deformation, and (c) the fracture stage. The atomic displacement vectors of O1, O2, and O3 during the punching process. The shear stress distribution diagram of

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• glasses and the scanning conditions investigated here, no friction mechanism that is due to the plastic deformation was observed (see Supporting Information File 1 for full experimental data). The friction forces are compared for the inner and outer layer in Figure 4 for the different normal loads applied

• influence of plastic deformation of the MG substrate. Decreasing friction force with repetitive scans was observed before in friction measurements on a graphene-coated Cu substrate [33]. In this work, when the applied load was increased stepwise, the friction force exhibited a sudden increase followed by a

• decay with scanning at all loads. This friction decay was attributed to the consecutive plastic deformation and hardening of the Cu substrate during repeated scanning. Different from strain hardening in conventional metals, MGs show strain softening induced by the creation of additional free volume

Effects of temperature and repeat layer spacing on mechanical properties of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated composites under shear loading

• Chia-Wei Huang,
• Man-Ping Chang and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 863–877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.65

• shear stress and strain. In terms of the shear strength, the Hall–Petch relationship confirms that the strength of the composite specimens will increase with a decrease of the grain size [43][44]. Because of grain boundary strengthening, plastic deformation hardly occurs during the loading process [43

Determination of elastic moduli of elastic–plastic microspherical materials using nanoindentation simulation without mechanical polishing

• Hongzhou Li and
• Jialian Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 213–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.17

• unloading curve is the irreversible energy lost to plastic deformation. The area under the loading curve is the total energy of the indentation. The total energy and the reversible energy are proportional to the cube of the maximum depth Figure 3a and Figure 3c show the loading and unloading curves for

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• samples with different cantilevers. The evident result of these measurements is that the polymer sample is worn or, more general, damaged during the scan. Scanning with the AFM tip leads to different forms of wear and modifications. When abrasion or plastic deformation are the dominant mechanisms, the

• the static load is not high enough to induce a uniform depression, abrasion and plastic deformation can lead to the formation of disordered agglomerates of polymer chains, severely changing the roughness of the surface. Since these wear phenomena are due to the lateral movement of the tip, a second

• abrasion or plastic deformation, local wear may lead to the formation of agglomerates, which increase the roughness of the sample. Via changes in the contact geometry and in the contact radius ([3], page 83), this phenomenon affects significantly the determination of mechanical properties. (4) At lower

Wet-spinning of magneto-responsive helical chitosan microfibers

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johanna Michel,
• Naiana Suter,
• Matheus Grande de Aguiar and
• Michael Maas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 991–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.83

• plastic deformation (Figure 4, range IV) and eventually led to failure when the fiber ruptured (Figure 4, range V). The fibers were reasonably stable during the experiment and had an average Young’s modulus of 14 MPa. In addition, a control experiment was performed in which straight bare chitosan fibers

Quantitative determination of the interaction potential between two surfaces using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Nicholas Chan,
• Carrie Lin,
• Tevis Jacobs,
• Robert W. Carpick and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 729–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.60

• images before and after AFM imaging. Additionally, we observe similar ordering in crystal lattices and an absence of defects in the lattice fringes for both figures. These observations suggest that plastic deformation did not occur during AFM experiments. It is also clear that Figure 2a and Figure 2b

• observed in tip apex radius when comparing Figure 2a and Figure 2b. Furthermore, an ordered silicon lattice structure is observed in both Figure 2a and Figure 2b. The absence of perturbations in the silicon lattice suggests plastic deformation of the AFM tip did not occur during the AFM experiments

Abrupt elastic-to-plastic transition in pentagonal nanowires under bending

• Sergei Vlassov,
• Magnus Mets,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Jianjun Bian,
• Leonid Dorogin and
• Vahur Zadin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2468–2476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.237

• uniform structure hardening. Five-fold grain boundaries intersect with all possible slip systems restricting the motion of dislocations along any slip direction by the twin boundaries that extend to the center of the wire preventing the initiation of plastic deformation. This makes five-fold twinned NW

• mesh used in these simulations is described in previous work [29]. The yield strength values were obtained from the FEM NW model by fitting its profile to the experimentally bent profiles of Ag or Au NWs at the critical bending angle, before the abrupt transition to plastic deformation. MD simulations

• knee-like bend (Figure 4). This behavior was general for both Ag and Au NWs. This finding was not trivial, since macroscopic Ag and Au undergoes gradual plastic deformation under loading. In our case the NWs underwent an abrupt event of plastic deformation to a new crystallographic configuration. This

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• decreased tensile strength and increased tensile ductility and the as-prepared MoS2-based composite paper is able to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture in the material occurs. Electrochemical performance of freestanding MoS2-based composite paper First, we tested the MoS2-based composite

Hydrogen-induced plasticity in nanoporous palladium

• Markus Gößler,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Markus Stütz,
• Norbert Enzinger and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3013–3024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.280

• at low strains in npAu. Despite the local dislocation activity in the ligaments, macroscopic plasticity, involving dislocations travelling larger distances in the network structure, is hard to achieve in nanoporous metals [15]. Plastic deformation in npPd has not been the subject of experimental

• necessary to activate this mechanism of plastic deformation. The phase transition that induces the required mismatch strains for the plasticity enhancement is again the PdHβ-to-PdHα transition. In combination with the driving force being the reduction in surface energy, ISP can be observed during hydrogen

• desorption in nanoporous samples. The high plastic-deformation strains up to 6.5% during one single phase-transition cycle in Figure 5 are a result of this mechanism. As the plastic deformation during a single absorption/desorption cycle is, in a first-order approximation, proportional to the external stress

Friction reduction through biologically inspired scale-like laser surface textures

• Johannes Schneider,
• Vergil Djamiykov and
• Christian Greiner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2561–2572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.238

• elaborate fluid dynamics simulations. As far as the unlubricated experiments are concerned, the concept developed by Bowden and Tabor [51] points out that most frictional energy dissipation is due to plastic deformation of the subsurface layer. If one of the sliding partners is harder than the other, the

Synthesis of hafnium nanoparticles and hafnium nanoparticle films by gas condensation and energetic deposition

• Irini Michelakaki,
• Nikos Boukos,
• Dimitrios A. Dragatogiannis,
• Spyros Stathopoulos,
• Costas A. Charitidis and
• Dimitris Tsoukalas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1868–1880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.179

• ]. During soft landing the energy per atom stays well below the cohesive energy of the nanoparticles and the nanoparticles preserve their composition [43][58]. During energetic deposition, plastic deformation occurs when the energy per atom is close to the cohesive energy of the nanoparticles. The degree of

Fatigue crack growth characteristics of Fe and Ni under cyclic loading using a quasi-continuum method

• Ren-Zheng Qiu,
• Yi-Chen Lin and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1000–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.93

• changes in fatigue crack growth rates and crack opening displacements. Ma et al. [11] have examined the effect of orientation on the fatigue crack propagation in single-crystal iron under cyclic loading, leading to differences in the crack growth rates and slip directions. The plastic deformation and

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• , plastic deformation may have a bigger effect than wear. The presence of chemically active elements at the contact interface may also significantly increase the adhesion in nanocontacts due to formation of chemical bonds (e.g., C–Au bonds [80], Au–S bonds [8][81]) between the contacting materials. Nearly

A robust AFM-based method for locally measuring the elasticity of samples

• Alexandre Bubendorf,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.1

• -displacement curves of the piezoelectric scanner. The occurence of a plastic deformation followed by an elastic deformation is shown and explained. The necessary load FN for measuring in the elastic domain was assessed for each sample, used for mapping the frequency shifts Δf1 and Δf2 and for determining the

• observe first a nonlinear relation between the measured frequency shifts, Δf1 and Δf2, and the displacement of the scanner, followed by a linear relation. This suggests a plastic deformation phase of the sample surface during the first step of the indentation, followed by an elastic deformation phase

• elastically. Linear relation between Δf1 and Δf22 and determination of α(A1) The linearity relation between Δf1 and is shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 (curves on the right) where the quasi-invariance of the ratio in the elastic deformation phase and in the upper part of the plastic deformation phase can be

Robust procedure for creating and characterizing the atomic structure of scanning tunneling microscope tips

• Sumit Tewari,
• Koen M. Bastiaans,
• Milan P. Allan and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2389–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.238

• authors report to have obtained crystalline tips by repeated deep indentation of a Au tip into a Au surface followed by retraction until the contact breaks. These indentation cycles cause plastic deformation of the tip apex [26], which first gives random conductance traces but gradually evolves to

Molecular dynamics simulations of nanoindentation and scratch in Cu grain boundaries

• Shih-Wei Liang,
• Ren-Zheng Qiu and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2283–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.228

• transverse grain boundaries with different angles (θ = 10–40°, respectively) for an indentation of 2 nm. As shown in Figure 4a, the compressed atoms under the probe gave rise to the tight block of plastic deformation. Since the atoms in the upper layer of the grain boundary are blocked by the grain boundary

• atoms of the grain boundary compressed by the indenter moved to the left. The atoms continued to be compressed on the left side without resistance of the grain boundary, thereby leading to plastic deformation. This result was in agreement with the study of Chu et al. [14]. On the other hand, the atoms

• leading to plastic deformation of the material but with difficulty. In the case of the nanoindentation of the transverse grain boundaries at different angles, the structure of the grain boundary with a 20° angle was stronger, thereby limiting the force to the slip direction of the upper dislocation

Nanotribological behavior of deep cryogenically treated martensitic stainless steel

• Germán Prieto,
• Konstantinos D. Bakoglidis,
• Walter R. Tuckart and
• Esteban Broitman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1760–1768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.177

• operative mechanisms during the cryogenic treatment of steels discussed in the current state-of-the-art literature are: transformation of retained austenite [2][3][4], carbide refinement [5][6][7] and plastic deformation of virgin martensite [8][9]. Because of the high hardenability of low-carbon AISI 420

• stainless steel, both transformation of retained austenite and plastic deformation of virgin martensite do not seem to be operative during cryogenic cooling. The main effect observed in AISI 420 after cryogenic processing is a strong reduction in carbide size and a more even dispersion of them in the

• samples. This smaller contact area can be accounted by a higher amount of elastic recovery (as evidenced by the residual height) and also by the formation of smaller pile-ups. In order to characterize the resistance of the material to plastic deformation, the parameter H/Er2 has been calculated by two

Atomic structure of Mg-based metallic glass investigated with neutron diffraction, reverse Monte Carlo modeling and electron microscopy

• Rafał Babilas,
• Dariusz Łukowiec and
• Laszlo Temleitner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1174–1182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.119

• amorphous materials can be also produced by other methods, including severe plastic deformation [19] or wet-chemistry deposition of thin films [20]. Severe plastic deformation leads to phase transitions and strong grain refinement in metallic alloys (e.g., Al–Zn, Al–Zn–Mg, Cu–Ni, Co–Cu, Ni–Y–Nb and Zr–Nb

Diffusion and surface alloying of gradient nanostructured metals

• Zhenbo Wang and
• Ke Lu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 547–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.59

• a graded spatial variation of grain sizes offers a number of unique opportunities to enhance the properties of materials. It enables the delocalization of strains in the nano-grained structures, resulting in plastic deformation behavior fundamentally different from that of the free-standing

• interfaces in the nanostructured layer make it possible to study interfacial diffusion and relative characteristics, such as interfacial structure, precipitation, phase transformation, plastic deformation, and chemical reaction, at lower temperatures. In comparison, it is difficult to obtain enough

• engineering metallic materials. GNSs have been generated on various metals by methods with controlled surface plastic deformation [9][10][11]. In this paper, recent progress in the diffusion studies in GNS metals will be clarified to understand diffusion fundamentals and relationships between microstructure

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• by plastic deformation followed by heat treatments, i.e., thermo-mechanical treatment, is a technological cornerstone of human civilization and has been used for millennia to design microstructures and properties of materials. Yet, applying this approach to thin metal films is problematic because the

• introduced by nanoindentation with subsequent annealing, and (ii) to understand the effect of nanoindentation-induced localized plastic deformation on the thermal stability and solid-state dewetting of thin films. In what follows, we will give a short overview of what is known about the recovery of indents

• transformation [4]. Thermally activated strain recovery has been reported for thin Al and Au films [5]. It has been suggested that plastic deformation recovery is restricted to small grain sizes and driven by inhomogeneous residual internal stresses. The above short overview shows that the understanding of the

Ferromagnetic behaviour of ZnO: the role of grain boundaries

• Boris B. Straumal,
• Svetlana G. Protasova,
• Andrei A. Mazilkin,
• Eberhard Goering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Petr B. Straumal and
• Brigitte Baretzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1936–1947, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.185

• nanograined alloys obtained by the severe plastic deformation [65][66]. Conclusion In summary, we observed that, contrary to the prediction of Dietl et al. [1], the doping of bulk ZnO with Mn, Co, Fe or Ni does not make it ferromagnetic. On the other hand, nanograined ZnO becomes ferromagnetic even without